cailynnjohnson

In the past decade, macrophages have evolved from being seen as simple immune sentinels to multifaceted regulators of inflammation, tissue remodeling, and tumor progression. The classical M1/M2 dichotomy—pro-inflammatory versus anti-inflammatory—has served as a useful framework, but it’s increasingly clear that macrophage states exist on a continuum, shaped by microenvironmental cues, metabolic flux, and epigenetic reprogramming. … Read more

Traditional drug screening and disease modeling—long reliant on 2D cell cultures and animal models—are increasingly criticized for their limited predictive power and inefficiency. As the demand for personalized medicine and high-throughput testing grows, researchers face a critical question: How can we build more realistic, scalable, and responsive in vitro systems?   One promising answer lies in … Read more